T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells, an immunosuppressive population of CD4+ T cells,
into solid cancers represents a barrier to cancer immunotherapy. Chemokine receptors are …

T helper (Th) cells have received extensive attention owing to their indispensable roles in
anti-tumor immune responses. Th1 and Th2 cells are two key subsets of Th cells that exist in …

Periodontitis is closely related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An excessive and non-
self-limiting immune response to the dysbiotic microbiome characterizes the two. However …

In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained increased attention from researchers
around the globe. Although it is twenty nucleotides long, it can modulate several gene …

Simple Summary Cytokines are important molecular players in cancer development,
progression, and potential targets for treatment. Despite being small and overlooked …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with a poor prognosis. To date, the
pathogenesis of SSc is still unclear; moreover, its pathological conditions include …

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional approaches, such as
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been the main cancer therapeutic modalities …

The innate immune pathway is receiving increasing attention in cancer therapy. This
pathway is ubiquitous across various cell types, not only in innate immune cells but also in …