Analyses of drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) performed in
animals are often not predictive of drug PKs and PDs in humans, and in vitro PK and PD …

The development of generic, single‐entity, drug–device combination products for orally
inhaled drug products is challenging in part because of the complex nature of device design …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been emerging as a great
health problem in world. Cigarette smoke is known to cause oxidative stress and deplete …

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly most confirmed cases develop
respiratory syndromes. Using targeted drug delivery by microcarriers is one of the most …

Determining the fate of inhaled aerosols in the respiratory system is essential in assessing
the potential toxicity of inhaled airborne materials, responses to airborne pathogens, or in …

Background Bronchoconstriction and cough, a characteristic of the asthmatic response,
leads to development of compressive stresses in the airway wall. We hypothesized that …

Background Corticosteroids increase the expression of β 2-adrenoceptors (β 2-ARs) and
protect them against down-regulation. Conversely, β 2-AR agonists improve the anti …

Background Pesticide residues in food and environment along with airborne contaminants
like endotoxins pose a tangible threat to living beings. Fipronil, a broad-spectrum insecticide …

Understanding particle deposition in the human lung is crucial for the assessment of
environmental pollutants and the design of new drug delivery systems. Traditionally …

Spirometry is a widely used pulmonary function test to detect the airflow limitations
associated with various obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive …