The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of
working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents …

Animal welfare is a key issue for industries that use or impact upon animals. The accurate
identification of welfare states is particularly relevant to the field of bioscience, where the …

According to the EU Directive 2010/63, the severity of a procedure has to be classified as
mild, moderate or severe. General anesthesia is thought to be mild, but the Directive does …

While neurosurgical interventions are frequently used in laboratory mice, refinement efforts
to optimize analgesic management based on multimodal approaches appear to be rather …

Effective management of pain is critical to the improvement of animal welfare. For this to
happen, pain must be recognised and assessed in a variety of contexts. Pain is a complex …

Background Despite increasing ethical standards for conducting animal research, death is
still often used as an endpoint in mouse sepsis studies. Recently, the Murine Sepsis Score …

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

Mice are the most commonly used laboratory animals for studying diseases, behaviour, and
pharmacology. Behavioural experiment battery aids in evaluating abnormal behaviour in …

Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this
systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace …