Over the past decades, interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has persisted, and
immense efforts have been dedicated to developing SMPs and their multifunctional …

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-
dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since …

Stimuli‐responsive polymers (SRPs) are special types of soft materials, which have been
extensively used for developing flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors …

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), a much-appreciated three-dimensional printing (3DP)
technology, has triggered the industrial innovations by providing viable and cost-effective …

Smart materials, also known as intelligent materials, which are responsive to the external
stimuli including heat, moisture, stress, pH, and magnetic fields, have found extensive …

Recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional
(3D)-printing, have allowed researchers to create complex shapes previously impossible …

The concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged from the addition of the time
dimension into the more established additive manufacturing (AM) methods, namely 3D …

Abstract 4D printing has attracted tremendous interest because of its potential applications
in smart devices, biomedical and tissue engineering. However, conventional shape memory …

Shape memory materials (SMMs) in 3D printing (3DP) technology garnered much attention
due to their ability to respond to external stimuli, which direct this technology toward an …

Shape‐memory materials (SMMs) combined with 3D printing to develop dynamic and
adaptive products which are responsive to physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These …