In this review we describe a transient type of gas discharge which is commonly called a
streamer discharge, as well as a few related phenomena in pulsed discharges. Streamers …

The MAX phases are a group of layered ternary compounds with the general formula Mn+
1AXn (M: early transition metal; A: group A element; X: C and/or N; n= 1–3), which combine …

Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning
remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is …

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and
gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond …

It is by now well understood that large sprite discharges at the low air densities of the
mesosphere are physically similar to small streamer discharges in air at standard …

Photo-ionization is the accepted mechanism for the propagation of positive streamers in air
though the parameters are not very well known; the efficiency of this mechanism largely …

This paper presents a literature survey on the recent developments related to experimental
and modeling studies of transient luminous events (TLEs) in the middle atmosphere termed …

We investigate structure and evolution of long positive spark breakdown; and we study at
which stage pulses of hard x-rays are emitted. Positive high-voltage pulses of standardized …

We investigate the development of metre long negative discharges and focus on their x-ray
emissions. We describe appearance, timing and spatial distribution of the x-rays. They …

Positive streamers need a source of free electrons ahead of them to propagate. A streamer
can supply these electrons by itself through photo-ionization, or the electrons can be present …