The massive improvement in food production, as a result of effective genetic selection
combined with advancements in farming practices, has been one of the greatest …

Many opportunities exist to reduce enteric methane (CH 4) and other greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions per unit of product from ruminant livestock. Research over the past century …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

All life requires the capacity to recover from challenges that are as inevitable as they are
unpredictable. Understanding this resilience is essential for managing the health of humans …

The average productive lifespan is approximately 3 to 4 years in countries with high-
producing dairy cows. This is much shorter than the natural life expectancy of dairy cattle …

Domestic chickens are members of an order, Aves, which has been the focus of a revolution
in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cognitive, and social complexity. At least some …

Simple Summary Chickens are raised with the assistance of the regular use of antibiotics,
not only for the prevention and treatment of diseases but, also, for body growth. Overuse and …

The body condition score (BCS) of a dairy cow is an assessment of the proportion of body fat
that it possesses, and it is recognized by animal scientists and producers as being an …

The potential conflicts between animal welfare and efficient farming can often be resolved or
at least reduced by showing the financial benefits that improving animal welfare can bring to …

In debates about the welfare of animals, different people have tended to emphasize different
concerns. Some emphasize the basic health and functioning of animals, especially freedom …