Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 has been endemic in some bird
species since its emergence in 1996 and its ecology, genetics and antigenic properties have …

The continuous threat of influenza pandemics determines the urgency and necessity to
develop safe and effective vaccines against divergent influenza viruses. This review …

Directed evolution is an important research activity in synthetic biology and biotechnology.
Numerous reports describe the application of tedious mutation/screening cycles for the …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 is currently widespread in Asia,
Europe, and Africa, with 60% mortality in humans. In particular, since 2009 Egypt has …

ABSTRACT H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat but have not acquired the
ability to support sustained transmission between mammals in nature. The restrictions to …

Despite plausible evidence for beneficial effects of the vaccination against influenza in
cardiovascular diseases (CVD) very limited studies have been carried out to explain the …

It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of
clade 2.2. 1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest …

Background The highly pathogenic H5N1 is a major avian pathogen that crosses species
barriers and seriously affects humans as well as some mammals. It mutates in an intensified …

Abstract Background The novel A/H1N1 influenza virus, which recently emerged in North
America is most closely related to North American H1N1/N2 swine viruses. Until the …

Newly emerging influenza A viruses (IAV) pose a major threat to human health by causing
seasonal epidemics and/or pandemics, the latter often facilitated by the lack of pre-existing …