The year of this writing, 2004, marks the 70th anniversary of the Noble Prize shared by
Whipple, Minot, and Murphy for their discovery that raw liver contained a substance, the “anti …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) generate lipids that control a wide variety of intracellular
signalling pathways. Part of this diversity in PI3K actions stems from the broad range of …

Coenzyme B12 or adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)(Figure 1A), a naturally occurring
organometallic compound that contains a unique Co-C σ bond, serves as a cofactor for …

Although X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was conceived in the early 20th century, it
took 60 years after the advent of synchrotrons for researchers to exploit its tremendous …

Metals have crucial roles in many physiological, pathological, toxicological, pharmaceutical,
and diagnostic processes. Proper handling of metal-containing macromolecule samples for …

Density functional theory (DFT) has blossomed in the past few decades into a powerful tool
that is used by experimentalists and theoreticians alike. This book highlights the extensive …

The study of mercury sorption products in model systems using appropriate in situ molecular-
scale probes can provide detailed information on the modes of sorption at mineral/water …

Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) serves for two essential cofactors in mammals. The pathway
for its intestinal absorption, plasma transport, and cellular uptake uses cell surface receptors …

The majority of 3D structures of macromolecules are currently determined by
macromolecular crystallography, which employs the diffraction of X-rays on single crystals …

The X-ray crystallographic analysis of redox-active systems may be complicated by
photoreduction. Although radiolytic reduction by the probing X-ray beam may be exploited to …