The persistence of drug taking despite its adverse consequences plays a central role in the
presentation, diagnosis, and impacts of addiction. Eventual recognition and appraisal of …

Punishment involves learning about the relationship between behavior and its adverse
consequences. Punishment is fundamental to reinforcement learning, decision-making and …

With rapid aging of the population worldwide, the number of people with dementia is
dramatically increasing. Some studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome, which …

Elevated impulsivity is a symptom shared by various psychiatric disorders such as
substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder …

Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Here we
review studies that indicate that compulsive drug use, and in particular punishment …

Converging evidence from studies with animals and humans have implicated separate
regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) corresponding to the anterior cingulate cortex …

Persistence of reward seeking despite punishment or other negative consequences is a
defining feature of mania and addiction, and numerous brain regions have been implicated …

Background A clinical hallmark of alcohol use disorder is persistent drinking despite
potential adverse consequences. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and …

Results from clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and craving are often provoked by
exposure to drug-associated contexts. Since 2002, this phenomenon has been modeled in …

Subcallosal area 25 is one of the least understood regions of the anterior cingulate cortex,
but activity in this area is emerging as a crucial correlate of mood and affective disorder …