This narrative review represents an output from the International Association for the Study of
Pain's global task force on the use of cannabis, cannabinoids, and cannabis-based …

Background Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of compounds
developed to probe the endogenous cannabinoid system or as potential therapeutics …

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is
maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug …

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a heterogeneous and rapidly evolving class of
molecules available on the global illicit drug market (eg smart shops, internet,“dark net”) as a …

Adaptation of the nervous system to different chemical and physiologic conditions is
important for the homeostasis of brain processes and for learning and remembering …

Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication
development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that …

Background and Purpose Endocannabinoids are critically involved in brain reward
functions, mediated by activation of CB1 receptors, reflecting their high density in the brain …

All preclinical procedures for analgesic drug discovery involve two components: 1) a “pain
stimulus”(the principal independent variable), which is delivered to an experimental subject …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a major public health crisis worldwide, and effective
treatment options are limited. During the past 2 decades, researchers have investigated the …

Pain-related functional impairment and behavioral depression are diagnostic indicators of
pain and targets for its treatment. Nesting is an innate behavior in mice that may be sensitive …