Abstract Space weather effects arise from the dynamic conditions in the Earth's space
environment driven by processes on the Sun. While some effects are influenced neither by …

Abstract The EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATer) Scientific Association has provided
versatile incoherent scatter (IS) radar facilities on the mainland of northern Scandinavia (the …

The search for life in the Universe is a fundamental problem of astrobiology and modern
science. The current progress in the detection of terrestrial-type exoplanets has opened a …

This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights
changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely …

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the Earth's outer radiation belt continuously
affects the chemical composition of the polar mesosphere. EEP can contribute to catalytic …

We explore some of the ramifications arising from superflares on the evolutionary history of
Earth, other planets in the solar system, and exoplanets. We propose that the most powerful …

Solar eruptions sometimes produce protons, which impact the Earth's atmosphere. These
solar proton events (SPEs) generally last a few days and produce high energy particles that …

The mechanisms of the production of vibrationally excited NO and N2 molecules at the
altitudes of the middle atmosphere of the Earth during high‐energetic proton precipitation on …

The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM3) has been used to study the
long‐term (more than a few months) effects of solar proton events (SPEs). Extremely large …

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) impacts the chemistry of the middle atmosphere with
growing evidence of coupling to surface temperatures at high latitudes. To better understand …