Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is a tightly regulated process involving
numerous endogenous substances and their intracellular second messengers. We examine …

Far-red light regulates many aspects of seedling development, such as inhibition of
hypocotyl elongation and the promotion of greening, acting in part through phytochrome A …

The purpose of this review is to provide an account of the physiological substrates of cAMP-
dependent protein kinase (PKA). Discussion is limited to just over 100 unique gene products …

Signalling by intracellular second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ is
known to regulate attractive and repulsive guidance of axons by extracellular factors …

Vascular smooth muscle tone is controlled by a balance between the cellular signaling
pathways that mediate the generation of force (vasoconstriction) and release of force …

NO is a neurotransmitter released from enteric inhibitory neurons and responsible for
modulating gastrointestinal (GI) motor behaviour. Enteric neurons express nNOS (NOS1) …

High voltage-activated Ca2+ channels of the CaV1. 2 class (L-type) are crucial for excitation-
contraction coupling in both cardiac and smooth muscle. These channels are regulated by a …

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) are key second messengers involved in a
multitude of cellular events. From the wealth of synthetic analogs of cAMP and cGMP, only a …

Nitric oxide (NO) can directly modulate cardiac contractility by accelerating relaxation and
reducing diastolic tone. The intracellular mechanisms underlying these contractile effects …

cAMP-dependent vasodilators are used to treat a variety of cardiovascular disorders;
however, the signal transduction pathways and effector mechanisms stimulated by these …