There are multiple mechanisms by which alcohol can damage the developing brain, but the
type of damage induced will depend on the amount and developmental timing of exposure …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide
(VIP) and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI), are structurally related endogenous peptides …

Unilateral injection into the right substantia nigra of the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6‐
hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) produces extensive loss of dopaminergic cells ('hemi …

Defects in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, in particular decreased activity of cytochrome
c oxidase, have been reported in Alzheimer disease tissue and in cultured cells that …

This review summarizes the complex role of heat-shock proteins (Hsp) in immune reactions,
especially the cellular effects of heat-shock proteins during the recognition processes by …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) provides neuroprotection against β-amyloid toxicity in
models of Alzheimer's disease. A superactive analogue, stearyl-Nle17-VIP (SNV) is a 100 …

NAPVSIPQ (NAP), an active fragment of the glial-derived activity-dependent neuroprotective
protein, is protective at femtomolar concentrations against a wide array of neural insults and …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play pivotal roles in regulating the function and
plasticity of neuronal circuits in the nervous system. Among the myriad of GPCRs expressed …

The formation of toxic protein aggregates is a common denominator to many neurode
generative diseases and aging. Accumulation of toxic, possibly infectious protein …

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are characterized by neuronal death in the brain. The
mechanism of the neuronal death is too complicated to be fully understood, although in …