Biotic and abiotic surfaces in marine waters are rapidly colonized by microorganisms.
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous …

Mineral dust particles suspended in the atmosphere span more than three orders of
magnitude in diameter, from< 0.1 µm to more than 100 µm. This wide size range makes dust …

This article describes the new Earth system model (ESM), the Model for Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate, Earth System version 2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) …

Past model studies have projected a global decrease in marine net primary production
(NPP) over the 21st century, but these studies focused on the multi-model mean rather than …

Dust particles from high latitudes have a potentially large local, regional, and global
significance to climate and the environment as short-lived climate forcers, air pollutants, and …

Freshwater discharge from glaciers is increasing across the Arctic in response to
anthropogenic climate change, which raises questions about the potential downstream …

The global nitrogen (N) cycle at the beginning of the 21st century has been shown to be
strongly influenced by the inputs of reactive nitrogen (N r) from human activities, including …

The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) is one of the most established
ecosystem models for the lower trophic levels of the marine food web in the scientific …

Model intercomparison studies in the climate and Earth sciences communities have been
crucial to building credibility and coherence for future projections. They have quantified …

The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a ubiquitous feature of phytoplankton vertical
distribution in stratified waters that is relevant to our understanding of the mechanisms that …