Biological membranes are key elements for the maintenance of cell architecture and
physiology. Beyond a pure barrier separating the inner space of the cell from the outer, the …

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a major component of membrane bilayers whose change in
distribution between inner and outer leaflets is an important physiological signal. Normally …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is critical for the
assembly of their cell envelopes. LPS synthesized in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner …

P4-ATPases comprise a family of P-type ATPases that actively transport or flip phospholipids
across cell membranes. This generates and maintains membrane lipid asymmetry, a …

Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed in the plasma membrane. This asymmetrical
distribution is disrupted during apoptosis, exposing phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on the cell …

Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation
after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as …

Sheep (Ovis aries) are a major source of meat, milk, and fiber in the form of wool and
represent a distinct class of animals that have a specialized digestive organ, the rumen, that …

It is well known that lipids are heterogeneously distributed throughout the cell. Most lipid
species are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then distributed to different …

Almost half of the 48 human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins are thought to
facilitate the ATP-dependent translocation of lipids or lipid-related compounds. Such …

The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is an important cargo sorting station within the cell where
newly synthesized proteins are packaged into distinct transport carriers that are targeted to …