A growing body of research suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolites
produced by intestinal symbiotic bacteria that ferment dietary fibers (DFs), play a crucial role …

Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that
represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products …

Food allergies are defined as adverse immune responses to food proteins that result in
typical clinical symptoms involving the dermatologic, respiratory, gastrointestinal …

Food allergy is a pathological, potentially deadly, immune reaction triggered by normally
innocuous food protein antigens. The prevalence of food allergies is rising and the standard …

Il1rl1 (also known as ST2) is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, and its only known ligand is
IL-33. ST2 exists in two forms as splice variants: a soluble form (sST2), which acts as a …

Allergen immunotherapy is effective in patients with IgE-dependent allergic rhinitis and
asthma. When immunotherapy is given continuously for 3 years, there is persistent clinical …

Abstract Purpose of Review Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory immunoglobulin
(Ig) E-mediated disease of the nasal mucosa that can be triggered by the inhalation of …

The microbiome plays a fundamental role in how the immune system develops and how
inflammatory responses are shaped and regulated. The “gut-lung axis” is a relatively new …

Chronic spontaneous urticaria is characterized by a perivascular non-necrotizing cellular
infiltrate around small venules of the skin. It consists primarily of CD4 (+) lymphocytes, a …

The specialized cytokine secretion profiles of T helper (TH) cells are the basis for a focused
and efficient immune response. On the twentieth anniversary of the first descriptions of the …