BACKGROUND Historically, cancer has been considered a disease of the cell, caused by
mutations in genes that control proliferation, differentiation, and death. In recent decades …

In vertebrate cells, the DNA damage response is controlled by three related kinases: ATM,
ATR, and DNA-PK. It has been 20 years since the cloning of ATR, the last of the three to be …

INTRODUCTION Human beings are equipped with multiple senses (sight, hearing, smell,
taste, touch, and proprioception) to help them to react properly to their environment. The …

INTRODUCTION The human body is a crowded place. This crowding is even more acute
when the regulation of cell growth and proliferation fails during the formation of a tumor …

One way to preserve a rare book is to lock it away from all potential sources of damage. Of
course, an inaccessible book is also of little use, and the paper and ink will continue to …

It is well established that cells sense chemical signals from their local microenvironment and
transduce them to the nucleus to regulate gene expression programmes. Although a number …

Replication fork reversal protects forks from breakage after poisoning of Topoisomerase 1.
We here investigated fork progression and chromosomal breakage in human cells in …

Cell migration has two opposite faces: although necessary for physiological processes such
as immune responses, it can also have detrimental effects by enabling metastatic cells to …

Filamentous actin (F-actin) provides cells with mechanical support and promotes the mobility
of intracellular structures. Although F-actin is traditionally considered to be cytoplasmic, here …

ABSTRACT ATM and ATR signaling pathways are well conserved throughout evolution and
are central to the maintenance of genome integrity. Although the role of both ATM and ATR …