BACKGROUND: Awake craniotomy (AC) enables real-time monitoring of cortical and
subcortical functions when lesions are in eloquent brain areas. AC patients are exposed to …

Background Augmented reality (AR) is increasingly being explored in neurosurgical
practice. By visualizing patient-specific, three-dimensional (3D) models in real time …

Augmented and virtual reality (AR, VR) are becoming promising tools in neurosurgery. AR
and VR can reduce challenges associated with conventional approaches via the simulation …

Maintaining the integrity of crucial fiber tracts allows functional preservation and improved
recovery in patients with glioma resection. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and intraoperative …

The corticospinal tract (CST) is a critically important white matter fiber tract in the human
brain that enables control of voluntary movements of the body. The CST exhibits a …

Objective Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) injects a weak electric current into
the brain via electrodes attached to the scalp to modulate cortical excitability. tDCS is used …

Background For patients undergoing brain surgery, once primary motor and sensory areas
are identified by direct electrical stimulation, resection can be performed in the precentral …

Parcellation of human cerebellar pathways is essential for advancing our understanding of
the human brain. Existing diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography parcellation …

Tractography has become a widely available tool for the planning of neurosurgical
operations as well as for neuroscientific research. The absence of patient interaction makes …

Aside from movement initiation and control, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been
implicated in pain modulation mechanisms. A large body of clinical data has demonstrated …