Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO 2 to regulate breathing (central
respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is …

The respiratory response to hypoxia in mammals develops from an inhibition of breathing
movements in utero into a sustained increase in ventilation in the adult. This ventilatory …

Opioids depress minute ventilation primarily by reducing respiratory rate. This results from
direct effects on the preBötzinger Complex as well as from depression of the …

Key points This study explores the state dependence of the hypercapnic ventilatory reflex
(HCVR). We simulated an instantaneous increase or decrease of central chemoreceptor …

A large body of data suggests that the pontine respiratory group (PRG) is involved in
respiratory phase-switching and the reconfiguration of the brain stem respiratory network …

Current models propose that a neuronal network in the ventrolateral medulla generates the
basic respiratory rhythm and that this ventrolateral respiratory column (VRC) is profoundly …

Studies of respiratory control during sleep have revealed that multiple sites of central CO 2
chemosensitivity exist within the brainstem, and different chemosensory sites may function …

State-dependent changes in breathing are caused by nonrespiratory (tonic) inputs to the
brainstem systems that control ventilation. In wakefulness, tonic excitatory inputs include …

We assessed ventilatory patterns and ventilatory responses to hypoxia (HVR) in high-
altitude (HA) plateau pikas, repetitively exposed to hypoxic burrows, and control rats. We …

Breathing is more vulnerable to apneas and irregular breathing patterns during rapid eye
movement (REM) sleep in both humans and rodents. We previously reported that robust and …