Over the past decade, research has shown that the primary motor cortex (M1), the brain's
main output for movement, also responds to rewards. These reward signals may shape …

The classical concepts of reinforcement learning in the mammalian brain focus on dopamine
release in the basal ganglia as the neural substrate of reward prediction errors, which drive …

An individual may need to take different actions to the same stimulus in different situations to
achieve a given goal. The selection of the appropriate action hinges on the previously …

The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential, integrative node that encodes the
behavioral relevance of acoustic stimuli, predictions, and auditory-guided decision-making …

Reward modulation (M1) could be exploited in developing an autonomously updating brain-
computer interface (BCI) based on a reinforcement learning (RL) architecture. For an …

Neural activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) is known to correlate with movement related
variables including kinematics and dynamics. Our recent work, which we believe is part of a …

We are developing an autonomously updating brain machine interface (BMI) utilizing
reinforcement learning principles. One aspect of this system is a neural critic that determines …

Reward modulation is represented in the motor cortex (M1) and could be used to implement
more accurate decoding models to improve brain-computer interfaces (BCIs; Zhao et al.,) …

Reward modulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) could be exploited in developing an
autonomously updating brain-machine interface (BMI) based on a reinforcement learning …

Reinforcement learning (RL) models comprehensively describe neural dynamics of multiple
brain regions at several spatiotemporal scales during reinforcement-based learning. One of …