The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is
comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF …

Retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A, is an essential component of cell-cell signaling
during vertebrate organogenesis. In early development, retinoic acid organizes the trunk by …

The cardiomyocyte (CM) subtypes in the mammalian heart derive from distinct lineages
known as the first heart field (FHF), the anterior second heart field (aSHF), and the posterior …

The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development. Given the complex nature
of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, it is not surprising that some form of congenital …

The formation of the heart is a complex morphogenetic process that depends on the
spatiotemporally regulated contribution of cardiac progenitor cells. These mainly derive from …

The mammalian heart is the first functional organ, the first indicator of life. Its normal
formation and function are essential for fetal life. Defects in heart formation lead to …

Heart malformations are common congenital defects in humans. Many congenital heart
defects involve anomalies in cardiac septation or valve development, and understanding the …

This review discusses the function of neural crest as they relate to cardiovascular defects.
The cardiac neural crest cells are a subpopulation of cranial neural crest discovered nearly …

The myocardium of the heart is composed of multiple highly specialized myocardial
lineages, including those of the ventricular and atrial myocardium, and the specialized …

The discovery of the first heart field (FHF) and the second heart field (SHF) led us to
understand how cardiac lineages and structures arise during development. However, it …