ATP synthesis in the membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts or bacteria is driven by the
energy of a proton electrochemical gradient according to the Mitchell mechanism, and is …

Bacterial proton translocating ATP-synthase couples the electrochemical potential difference
for H+ across the cytoplasmic membrane to synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi [1, 2]. It also …

Two modifications to Western blots which enhance immunochemical recognition have been
developed. The first is transfer in carbonate buffer at pH 9.9, rather than the more commonly …

The enzyme complex F 1-ATPase has been isolated from bovine heart mitochondria by gel
filtration of the enzyme released by chloroform from sub-mitochondrial particles. The five …

Cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9. 3.1) is one of the most important enzymes in nature, being
involved in the terminal oxidative step in energy metabolism. The protein is ubiquitous to all …

INTRODUCTION As early as 1924, Albert J. Kluyver discussed the unity and diversity of
metabolism of microbes (128). He pointed out that there must be some underlying …

Abstract ATP synthases (F 1 F o-ATPases) use energy released by the movement of protons
down a transmembrane electrochemical gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP, the universal …

ABSTRACT Reversible, F1Fo-type ATPases (also termed F-ATP synthases) catalyze the
synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. In animal cells, the enzyme traverses the …

Conclusions We apologize for the fact that this review is longer than we intended; we excuse
ourselves with the statement that since almost all the information we have presented was …

Proton ATPases function in biological energy conversion in every known living cell. Their
ubiquity and antiquity make them a prime source for evolutionary studies. There are two …