Lenses with tunable focal length play important roles in nature by helping species avoid
predators and capture prey. Many practical devices mimic lens concept for imaging, sensing …

In this review, we provide an overview of recent efforts in designing high-quality tunable
liquid crystal (LC) lenses with concentric electrodes. The design concepts are introduced …

This paper presents the use and characterization of an electrically focus tunable lens to
perform axial scanning in a confocal microscope. Lateral and axial resolution are …

A liquid crystal lens array with a hexagonal arrangement is investigated experimentally. The
uniqueness of this study exists in the fact that using convex-ring electrode provides a smooth …

The design, fabrication and characterization of a miniature adjustable-focus endoscope are
reported. Such an endoscope consists of a solid tunable lens for optical power tuning, two …

Maximizing the amount of spatiotemporal information retrieved in confocal laser scanning
microscopy is crucial to understand fundamental three-dimensional (3D) dynamic processes …

Conventional synthetic-aperture integral imaging uses a lens array to sense the three-
dimensional (3D) object or scene that can then be reconstructed digitally or optically …

Partial aperture imaging is a combination of two different techniques; coded aperture
imaging and imaging through an aperture that is only a part of the complete disk, commonly …

In this paper, we demonstrate a multi-functional liquid-crystal lens (MFLC-lens) based on
dual-layer electrode design. Compared with the previous 3D endoscopes, which use double …

We report an ultra-compact optical zoom endoscope containing two tunable Alvarez lenses.
The two tunable lenses are controlled synchronously by piezoelectric benders to move in …