With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the interest for antimicrobial agents has recently
increased again in public health. Copper was recognized in 2008 by the United States …

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms.
The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by …

Transition metals occupy an essential niche in biological systems. Their electrostatic
properties stabilize substrates or reaction intermediates in the active sites of enzymes, and …

Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential for optimal innate immune function, and nutritional
deficiency in either metal leads to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Recently, the …

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all aerobic organisms. It functions as a cofactor
in enzymes that catalyze a wide variety of redox reactions due to its ability to cycle between …

Copper is an essential micronutrient for most organisms that is required as a cofactor for
crucial copper-dependent enzymes encoded by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Evidence …

The bioavailability of different metals has likely changed over the course of Earth's history.
Based on geochemical models, copper became much more bioavailable with the advent of …

The trace element copper is indispensable for all aerobic life forms. Its ability to cycle
between two oxidation states, Cu 1+ and Cu 2+, has been harnessed by a wide array of …

Bacterial pathogens secrete chemically diverse iron chelators called siderophores, which
may exert additional distinctive functions in vivo. Among these, uropathogenic Escherichia …

Transition metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese are essential for the growth
and development of organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. Numerous studies have …