The goal of this study is to introduce a second-order computational method to solve Volterra-
Fredholm integro-differential equations involving boundary layers. To solve numerically, we …

We consider a singularly perturbed problem for a nonlinear first-order Fredholm integro-
differential equation. Our aim is to build and analyze a numerical approach with uniform …

In this work, we consider first-order singularly perturbed quasilinear Fredholm integro-
differential equation with integral boundary condition. Building a numerical strategy with …

This paper numerically solves Fredholm integro-differential equations with small parameters
and integral boundary conditions. The solution of these equations has a boundary layer at …

This study deals with two numerical schemes for solving a class of singularly perturbed
nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equations. The nonlinear terms are linearized using …

Objectives In this paper, a uniformly convergent numerical scheme is proposed for solving a
singularly perturbed Fredholm integro-differential equation with an integral initial condition …

In this paper, we investigate a singularly perturbed Fredholm integro-differential problem
with a discontinuous source term, leading to the formation of interior layers in the solution at …

In this work, a second order singularly perturbed Volterra integro-differential equation is
considered. On a layer adapted Shishkin mesh, the problem is solved using finite difference …

This paper solves a class of Fredholm integro-differential equations involving a small
parameter with integral boundary conditions numerically. The solution to the problem …

This article introduces a numerical method to solve a singularly perturbed Fredholm integro-
differential equation of second order with a discontinuous source term. To effectively handle …