Choline is an essential nutrient, but is also formed by de novo synthesis. Choline and its
derivatives serve as components of structural lipoproteins, blood and membrane lipids, and …

Betaine is an essential osmolyte and source of methyl groups and comes from either the diet
or by the oxidation of choline. Its metabolism methylates homocysteine to methionine, also …

Background Betaine is the trimethyl derivative of glycine and is normally present in human
plasma due to dietary intake and endogenous synthesis in liver and kidney. Betaine is …

Understanding mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is of
fundamental importance for stem cell and developmental biology. Here, we identify Spic, a …

BACKGROUND Preimplantation embryos are particularly susceptible to in vitro
developmental blocks. These could be alleviated by lowering culture medium osmolarity …

Abstract Glycine transporters (GlyT1 and GlyT2) that regulate levels of brain glycine, an
inhibitory neurotransmitter with co‐agonist activity for NMDA receptors (NMDARs), have …

The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular
and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine …

Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans,
and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of …

Amino acids perform a variety of functions in cells and organisms, particularly in the
synthesis of proteins, as energy metabolites, neurotransmitters, and precursors for many …

Amino acids are transported into cells by a number of different transport systems, each with
their own specific range of substrates. The amino acid transport systems active in …