Process data refers to data recorded in computer-based assessments that reflect the
problem-solving processes of participants and provide greater insight into how they solve …

Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) are a popular family of discrete latent variable models
that model students' mastery or deficiency of multiple fine-grained skills. CDMs have been …

To measure the parallel interactive development of latent ability and processing speed using
longitudinal item response accuracy (RA) and longitudinal response time (RT) data, we …

Previous studies have found that participants use two cognitive strategies—constructive
matching and response elimination—in responding to items in the Raven's Advanced …

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of three types of multimodal data‐response
accuracy, response times, and eye‐tracking data‐derived from a computer‐based spatial …

Constructive matching and response elimination strategies are two primarily used cognitive
strategies in Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM), a valid measurement …

Computational thinking (CT) is an essential skill students need if they are to adapt to the rise
of digital society, and the evaluation of CT is crucial for enhancing students' CT. However …

One of the most critical functions of modern intelligent teaching technology is cognitive
diagnostics. Traditional cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) usually use designed functions …

With the ability to predict learning behaviors, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly
involved in assessing the performance of problem solving. This study explored the potential …

Understanding whether or not different types of students master various attributes can aid
future learning remediation. In this study, two-level diagnostic classification models (DCMs) …