This paper is the forty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Opioids are substances derived from opium (natural opioids). In its raw state, opium is a
gummy latex extracted from Papaver somniferum. The use of opioids and their negative …

Within addiction science, incubation of craving is an operational label used to describe time-
dependent increases in drug seeking during periods of drug deprivation. The purpose of this …

Opioid misuse in the United States contributes to> 70% of annual overdose deaths. To
develop additional therapeutics that may prevent opioid misuse, further studies on the …

Preclinical models of addictive drugs have been developed for decades to model aspects of
the clinical experience in substance use disorders (SUDs). These include passive exposure …

Morphine is an important potent analgesic which has many side effects such as addiction.
Studies have demonstrated that autophagy play an important role during morphine addiction …