The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

Coronaviruses, which are single stranded, positive sense RNA viruses, are responsible for a
wide variety of existing and emerging diseases in humans and other animals. The …

The evolutionary dynamics of influenza virus ultimately derive from processes that take
place within and between infected individuals. Here we define influenza virus dynamics in …

Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid
substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal …

Background Extensive genetic diversity in viral populations within infected hosts and the
divergence of variants from existing reference genomes impede the analysis of deep viral …

Reassortment is fundamental to the evolution of influenza viruses and plays a key role in the
generation of epidemiologically significant strains. Previous studies indicate that …

Influenza remains a persistent public health challenge, because the rapid evolution of
influenza viruses has led to marginal vaccine efficacy, antiviral resistance, and the annual …

Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza‐related events; the spread of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and …

The rapid global evolution of influenza virus begins with mutations that arise de novo in
individual infections, but little is known about how evolution occurs within hosts. We review …

Viral variants that arise in the global influenza population begin as de novo mutations in
single infected hosts, but the evolutionary dynamics that transform within-host variation to …