The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex
evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep …

Much of our understanding of Earth's past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen
and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in …

Climate over the past million years has been dominated by glaciation cycles with periods
near 23,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years. In a linear version of the Milankovitch theory, the …

Time series of ocean properties provide a measure of global ice volume and monitor key
features of the wind‐driven and density‐driven circulations over the past 400,000 years …

Increasingly, environmental scientists, palaeoceanographers and geologists are collecting
quantitative records of environmental changes (time series) from sediments, ice cores, cave …

An astronomically calibrated timescale has recently been established [Hilgen, 1991a, b] for
the Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene based on the correlation of dominantly precession …

Marked by a progressive increase in the amplitude of climate oscillations, an evolving
waveform, and a shift towards a quasi-100 ky frequency, the Early–Middle Pleistocene …

Spectral analyses of an uninterrupted 5.5-million-year (My)–long chronology of late
Oligocene–early Miocene climate and ocean carbon chemistry from two deep-sea cores …

The upper Paleocene and lower Eocene are marked by several prominent (> 1‰) carbon
isotope (δ13C) excursions (CIE) that coincide with transient global warmings, or thermal …