Mushroom bodies are prominent neuropils found in annelids and in all arthropod groups
except crustaceans. First explicitly identified in 1850, the mushroom bodies differ in size and …

Despite public claims to the contrary, our functional understanding of the brain is still
rudimentary. Starting with FJ Gall's Phrenology of the late eighteenth century, one of the …

The ability to directly measure acetylcholine (ACh) release is an essential step toward
understanding its physiological function. Here we optimized the GRABACh (GPCR …

Despite the importance of the insect nervous system for functional and developmental
neuroscience, descriptions of insect brains have suffered from a lack of uniform …

We describe a genetic mosaic system in Drosophila, in which a dominant repressor of a cell
marker is placed in trans to a mutant gene of interest. Mitotic recombination events between …

The administration of leptin to leptin-deficient humans, and the analogous Lep ob/Lep ob
mice, effectively reduces hyperphagia and obesity,. But common obesity is associated with …

We have developed a method for temporal and regional gene expression targeting
(TARGET) in Drosophila and show the simultaneous spatial and temporal rescue of a …

Behavior is a manifestation of temporally and spatially defined neuronal activities. To
understand how behavior is controlled by the nervous system, it is important to identify the …

The mushroom bodies (MBs) are prominent structures in the Drosophila brain that are
essential for olfactory learning and memory. Characterization of the development and …

Sleep is under homeostatic control, but the mechanisms that sense sleep need and correct
sleep deficits remain unknown. Here, we report that sleep-promoting neurons with …