Tight junction proteins of the blood–brain barrier are vital for maintaining integrity of
endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. The presence of these protein complexes in the …

Migraine is a prevalent disorder, affecting 15.1% of the world's population. In most cases, the
migraine attacks are sporadic; however, some individuals experience a gradual increase in …

The terminology “gut-brain axis “points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI
system and the central nervous system (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that …

Migraine and neuropathic pain (NP) are both painful, disabling, chronic conditions which
exhibit some symptom similarities and are thus considered to share a common etiology. The …

The global prevalence of migraine as a primary headache has been estimated as 14.4% in
both sexes. Migraine headache has been ranked as the highest contributor to disability in …

Chronic pain affects the life quality of the suffering patients and posts heavy problems to the
health care system. Conventional medications are usually insufficient for chronic pain …

Background The role of inflammation and cytokines in the pathophysiology of primary
headache disorders is uncertain. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to …

Background Cytokines are important endogenous substances that are involved in immune
and inflammatory responses. Neurogenic inflammation has been proposed to play a role in …

Currently, migraine is treated mainly by targeting calcitonin gene-related peptides, although
the efficacy of this method is limited and new treatment strategies are desired …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Migraines have become a major threat to human health,
as they significantly affect human health and quality of life due to a high prevalence rate …