Measurements from the operation of Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC)
system are collected by Building Automation System (BAS) mostly for control purpose. In …

Building automation system uses several networks of sensors for continuous monitoring of
building control systems for energy-efficient operation. Physical sensors are costly and need …

Energy submetering at the equipment level provides a tool to identify energy use anomalies
and detect operational inefficiencies. While physical meters can be costly and difficult to …

Fault-impact analysis (FIA) in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
involves forecasting system loads in the absence of equipment malfunction and …

Water flow rates are key operating variables in chilled and hot water systems. The water flow
rate through a pump can be virtually measured using available motor power and pump head …

The widespread development and application of virtual sensors in buildings will play an
important role in promoting industry change and achieving smart buildings. In this study, a …

Nowadays, the outdoor air (OA) flow requirement for demand control ventilation (DCV) can
be accurately determined using occupancy sensors in commercial buildings. However, in air …

In this article, virtual sensors for air-side diagnostics are developed and validated for rooftop
air conditioners. The virtual air-side sensors require indoor fan differential pressure and …

Heating ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in North America are major users
of energy in commercial and institutional buildings. Although modern monitoring strategies …

Air conditioning system efficiency and effectiveness can be reduced by undetected
installation faults. Many fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods have been proposed …