Plant architecture fundamentally differs from that of other multicellular organisms in that
individual cells serve as osmotic bricks, defined by the equilibrium between the internal …

Highlights•New monomers have been discovered, and structural aspects of the lignin
polymer have been refined.•The definition of a lignin monomer has been broadened.• …

Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose for bioethanol production shows a great potential to
remit the rapid consumption of fossil fuels, given the fact that lignocellulose feedstocks are …

Highlights•To date, metabolites from more than 10 different metabolic classes have been
identified as lignin building blocks, totaling 35 monomers.•Despite this flexibility, limitations …

In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of
lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals …

Lignin is one of the main components of plant cell wall and it is a natural phenolic polymer
with high molecular weight, complex composition and structure. Lignin biosynthesis …

Lignin is a complex aromatic biopolymer that strengthens and waterproofs plant secondary
cell walls, enabling mechanical stability in trees and long-distance water transport in xylem …

Biofuel is the presently needed potential energy reservoir as an alternative to wearying fossil
fuel-based technology. Second generation lignocellulose is considered to be the most …

Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite
its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most …

With the arising of global climate change and resource shortage, in recent years, increased
attention has been paid to environmentally friendly materials. Trees are sustainable and …