Recent advances in materials fabrication have enabled the manufacturing of ordered 2D
electron systems, such as heterogeneous interfaces, atomic layers grown by molecular …

With the high-temperature superconductors a qualitatively new regime in the
phenomenology of type-II superconductivity can be accessed. The key elements governing …

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are not expected to be metals at low temperature
owing to electron localization. Consistent with this, pioneering studies on thin films reported …

Recently emerging two-dimensional (2D) superconductors in atomically thin layers and at
heterogeneous interfaces are attracting growing interest in condensed matter physics. Here …

Magnetic flux can penetrate a type-II superconductor in the form of Abrikosov vortices (also
called flux lines, flux tubes, or fluxons) each carrying a quantum of magnetic flux phi 0= h/2e …

A theory of vortex pinning in high-temperature superconductors by correlated disorder in the
form of twin boundaries, grain boundaries, and columnar defects is described. Mapping …

We present a new scaling approach which allows one to map results obtained for isotropic
superconductors to anisotropic materials in a simple and direct way. The scaling rules are …

The structure of vortices within an infinite stack of thin superconducting layers is considered
and examined in detail in the limit of zero interlayer Josephson coupling. The basic building …

The lattice of magnetic flux lines that can permeate a type II superconductor, such as the
high-transition-temperature copper oxide materials, melts from a solid-like state to a liquid …

MUCH attention has been focused recently on the detection and physical characterization of
individual molecules1–11. Using such methods to study the chemical properties, such as …