This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

Cannabis has been used recreationally and medically for centuries, yet research into
understanding the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects has only recently garnered more …

Opioid analgesics represent a critical treatment for chronic pain in the analgesic ladder of
the World Health Organization. However, their use can result in a number of unwanted side …

Motivational and attentional processes energize action sequences to facilitate evolutionary
competition and promote behavioral fitness. Decades of neuropharmacology …

Rationale The reinforcing effects of most abused drugs have been consistently
demonstrated and studied in animal models, although those of marijuana were not, until the …

Pain is a serious health problem that is commonly treated with opioids, although the doses
of opioids needed to treat pain are often similar to those that decrease respiration …

Synthetic cannabinoids were introduced into recreational drug culture in 2008 and quickly
became one of the most commonly abused drugs in the United States. The neurobiological …

Over the past decade, legislative changes occurred in the USA and the western world that
were followed by a substantial increase in reported use of cannabis among the general …

We recently characterized S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant
form of the CB1 receptor. These mice display an enhanced response to endocannabinoids …

Drugs targeting mu opioid receptors are the mainstay of clinical practice for treating
moderate-to-severe pain. While they can offer excellent analgesia, their use can be limited …