Over 100 types of chemical modifications have been identified in cellular RNAs. While the
5′ cap modification and the poly (A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA play key roles in regulation …

The ribosome is an ancient molecular fossil that provides a telescope to the origins of life.
Made from RNA and protein, the ribosome translates mRNA to coded protein in all living …

Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined the structure of the Escherichia
coli 70S ribosome with a global resolution of 2.0 Å. The maps reveal unambiguous …

During ribosome biogenesis, ribosomal RNAs acquire various chemical modifications that
ensure the fidelity of translation, and dysregulation of the modification processes can cause …

Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) are tethered to the mitochondrial inner membrane
to facilitate the cotranslational membrane insertion of the synthesized proteins. We report …

Peptide-chain elongation during protein synthesis entails sequential aminoacyl-tRNA
selection and translocation reactions that proceed rapidly (2–20 per second) and with a low …

In eukaryotes, accurate protein synthesis relies on a family of translational GTPases that pair
with specific decoding factors to decipher the mRNA code on ribosomes. We present …

Highlights•Common data quality indicators grouped as primary, secondary, or
wrong/misleading.•A gedanken experiment reveals shortcomings of some common …

In order to survive, bacteria continually sense, and respond to, environmental fluctuations.
Stringent control represents a key bacterial stress response to nutrient starvation, that leads …

Prokaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are translated as they are transcribed. The lead
ribosome potentially contacts RNA polymerase (RNAP) and forms a supramolecular …