Tumor suppressor genes cooperate with each other in tumors. Three important tumor
suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma (Rb), p53, phosphatase, and tensin homolog deleted …

Background To date, standardising clinical predictive biomarkers for assessing the response
to immunotherapy remains challenging due to variations in personal genetic signatures …

Background Accumulating studies have revealed that aberrant expression of circular RNAs
(circRNAs) is widely involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of malignant cancers …

Background PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer. Although
the roles of canonical PTEN protein and PTEN isoforms have been extensively explored, the …

Chemoresistance has doubled the effort needed to reach an effective treatment for cancer.
Now, scientists should consider molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in …

Loss of expression or activity of the tumor suppressor PTEN acts similarly to an activating
mutation in the oncogene PIK3CA in elevating intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol (3 …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type and the second cause of
death worldwide. The advancement in understanding molecular pathways involved in CRC …

Bladder cancer accounts for high morbidity and mortality around the world and its incidence
rate is suggested to be higher in following years. A number of factors involve in bladder …

PD-L1 expression is elevated in various human cancers, including colorectal cancer. High
levels of PD-L1 expressed on tumor epithelial cells are one of the potential mechanisms by …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
Therefore, the need for new therapeutic strategies is still a challenge. Surgery and …