Osteoporosis develops when the rate of osteoclastic bone breakdown (resorption) exceeds
that of osteoblastic bone formation, which leads to loss of BMD and deterioration of bone 

The mechanisms that control physiological and pathological bone mass and turnover have
been extensively investigated over the past several decades. One surprising discovery that 

Background Whether the reported high risk of age-related diseases in HIV-infected people is
caused by biological ageing or HIV-associated risk factors such as chronic immune 

Abstract Background. Daily preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with oral emtricitabine and
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) decreases the risk of human immunodeficiency 

The overall purpose of these guidelines is to provide guidance on best clinical practice for
antiretroviral therapy (ART) and management of adults living with human immunodeficiency 

Background Few data have described long-term outcomes for infants born to HIV-infected
African women taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy. This is particularly true for 

Focusing T cell responses on the most vulnerable parts of HIV-1, the functionally conserved
regions of HIV-1 proteins, is likely a key prerequisite for vaccine success. For a T cell 

Objective: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) paradoxically intensifies bone loss in the setting of
HIV infection. Although the extent of bone loss varies, it occurs with virtually all ART types 

The overall purpose of these guidelines is to provide guidance on best clinical practice in
the treatment and management of adults with HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) 

Bone health status is largely absent in South Africa, the main reasons being the absence
and cost-effectiveness of specific screening equipment for assessing bone mineral density