The current review focuses on studies in rodents published since 2008 and explores
possible reasons for any differences they report in the effects of gestational stress on various …

Maternal distress during pregnancy increases plasma levels of cortisol and corticotrophin
releasing hormone in the mother and foetus. These may contribute to insulin resistance and …

An optimal early life environment is crucial for ensuring ideal neurodevelopmental
outcomes. Brain development consists of a finely tuned series of spatially and temporally …

Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) has been linked with adverse health outcomes in the
offspring through experimental studies using animal models and epidemiological studies of …

Exposure to hostile conditions results in a series of coordinated responses aimed at
enhancing the probability of survival. The activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary …

Recent prospective studies have shown that gestational stress in humans is more likely to
cause cognitive and emotional problems in the offspring if it occurs during weeks 12–20 of …

Sex differences exist in vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of many neuropsychiatric
disorders. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical research that investigates …

A successful pregnancy requires multiple adaptations in the mother's brain that serve to
optimise foetal growth and development, protect the foetus from adverse prenatal …

Exposure to trauma is one of the most important and prevalent risk factors for mental and
physical ill-health. Excessive or prolonged stress exposure increases the risk of a wide …

In mammals, early adverse experiences, including mother–pup interactions, shape the
response of an individual to chronic stress or to stress-related diseases during adult life. This …