Astrocytes are abundant glial cells that tile the entire central nervous system and mediate
well-established functions for neurons, blood vessels, and other glia. These ubiquitous cells …

Optical Ca 2+ indicators are powerful tools for investigating intracellular Ca 2+ signals in
living cells. Although a variety of Ca 2+ indicators have been developed, deciphering the …

Neurons have limited intracellular energy stores but experience acute and unpredictable
increases in energy demand. To better understand how these cells repeatedly transit from a …

In heart failure (HF), energy metabolism pathway in cardiac muscle changes from fatty acid β-
oxidation to glycolysis. However, the exact mechanism is unknown. Sarcoendoplasmic …

When neurons engage in intense periods of activity, the consequent increase in energy
demand can be met by the coordinated activation of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) …

Mitochondria are vital subcellular organelles that generate most cellular chemical energy,
regulate cell metabolism and maintain cell function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is directly …

Subcellular organelles communicate with each other to regulate function and coordinate
responses to changing cellular conditions. The physical-functional coupling of the …

Abstract Background Aberrant neuronal Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1r)-mediated endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)-mitochondria signaling plays a key role in the neuronal cytopathology of …

In recent years it has become increasingly clear that astrocytes play a much more active role
in neural processes than the traditional view of them as supporting cells suggests. Although …

Mitochondria are autonomous and dynamic cellular organelles orchestrating a diverse
range of cellular activities. Numerous cell-signaling pathways target these organelles and …