Aging is characterized by systemic chronic inflammation, which is accompanied by cellular
senescence, immunosenescence, organ dysfunction, and age-related diseases. Given the …

Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and
compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive …

Immunosenescence involves a series of ageing-induced alterations in the immune system
and is characterized by two opposing hallmarks: defective immune responses and …

Immunosenescence is a multi-faceted phenomenon at the root of age-associated immune
dysfunction. It can lead to an array of pathological conditions, including but not limited to a …

The failure to generate enduring humoral immunity after vaccination is a hallmark of
advancing age. This can be attributed to a reduction in the germinal center (GC) response …

The spleen is a gatekeeper of systemic immunity where immune responses against blood-
borne pathogens are initiated and sustained. Non-haematopoietic stromal cells construct …

The immune system plays a crucial role in the ageing process. As individuals age,
significant alterations in the immune system experiences occur, marked by a decline in …

Adults over 65 years of age are more vulnerable to infectious disease and show poor
responses to vaccination relative to those under 50. A complex set of age-related changes in …

The elderly have a decreased response to vaccination and an increased susceptibility to
infectious diseases. The spleen and lymph nodes are important secondary lymphoid organs …

Lymph nodes (LN) are secondary lymphoid organs spread throughout the lymphatic system.
They function to filter pathogenic material from the lymphatic fluid to maintain the health of …