Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

The face of evolutionary biology is changing: from reconstructing and analysing the past to
predicting future evolutionary processes. Recent developments include prediction of …

The functions of proteins and RNAs are defined by the collective interactions of many
residues, and yet most statistical models of biological sequences consider sites nearly …

Antibiotic resistance emerged shortly after the discovery of the first antibiotic and has
remained a critical public health issue ever since. Managing antibiotic resistance in clinical …

The protein folding problem was first articulated as question of how order arose from
disorder in proteins: How did the various native structures of proteins arise from interatomic …

Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics by a multitude of mechanisms. A central, yet
unsolved question is how resistance evolution affects cell growth at different drug levels …

The antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) is used to treat a variety of Escherichia coli infections, but
its efficacy is limited by the rapid emergence of TMP-resistant bacteria. Previous laboratory …

Multidimensional fitness landscapes provide insights into the molecular basis of laboratory
and natural evolution. To date, such efforts usually focus on limited protein families and a …

Fitness landscape theory predicts that rugged landscapes with multiple peaks impair
Darwinian evolution, but experimental evidence is limited. In this study, we used genome …

Enzymes and motor proteins are dynamic macromolecules that coexist in a number of
conformations of similar energies. Protein function is usually accompanied by a change in …