Immune checkpoint inhibitors target the dysfunctional immune system, to induce cancer-cell
killing by CD8-positive T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically anti-CTLA4 and …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a range of complications associated with the use
of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Two major classes of ICIs widely used are Cytotoxic …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1
(PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune …

Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), in addition to targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-
L1, novel targeting LAG-3 drugs have also been approved in clinical application. With the …

Cancer immunotherapies have changed the landscape of cancer treatment during the past
few decades. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors, which target PD-1, PD-L1 and …

PD1 was originally discovered in 1992 as a molecule associated with activation-induced cell
death in T cells. Over the past 30 years, it was found that PD1 has a critical role in avoiding …

Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
(CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 …

Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Blockade The wide range of immune-related adverse
effects associated with immune checkpoint blockade can complicate this effective therapy …

Since the first Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor was developed, tumor immunotherapy has
entered a new era, and the response rate and survival rate of many cancers have also been …