In this chapter, we first describe a number of prominent and frequently cited theories
describing how victimized children may grow up to become violent offenders, including …

The survival probability of birds during the juvenile period, between the end of parental care
and adulthood, is highly variable and has a major effect on population dynamics and …

The concept of “coping styles”, or consistently different responses to stressors, is of broad
interest in behavioral ecology and biomedicine. Two critical predictions of this concept are …

Assessing stress in wild populations is important in many ecological and conservation
contexts because the physiological responses of individuals to stressors can be used to …

Avian growth consists of the coordinated development of a number of morphological
characters that may involve developmental plasticity and trade-offs. Interspecific studies …

Persistent phenotypic changes due to early-life stressors are widely acknowledged, but their
relevance for wild, free-living animals is poorly understood. We evaluated effects of two …

The “cycle of violence” hypothesis implicates child abuse as a cause of later violent behavior
via social transmission between generations. It has received mixed support from human …

Yawning is a familiar and phylogenetically widespread phenomenon, but no consensus
exists regarding its functional significance. We tested the hypothesis that yawning …

The vertebrate stress response enables an organism to shift energy towards activities that
promote immediate survival when facing a threat to homeostasis, but it can also have …

Birds can respond to threats or potential threats in their immediate environment with
increased secretion of the glucocorticoid hormone corticosterone. The size of a …