For insects living in an environment where food supplies constantly change, the ability to
learn and to memorize the association of a specific cue with food is indispensable. The …

The insect mushroom body has gained increasing attention as a system in which the
computational basis of neural learning circuits can be unraveled. We now understand in …

Extinction learning, the ability to update previously learned information by integrating novel
contradictory information, is of high clinical relevance for therapeutic approaches to the …

Predicting reinforcement from sensory cues is beneficial for goal-directed behavior. In insect
brains, underlying associations between cues and reinforcement, encoded by dopaminergic …

Reward prediction errors (RPEs) have been suggested to drive associative learning
processes, but their precise temporal dynamics at the single-neuron level remain elusive …

Aminergic neurons mediate reward signals in mammals and insects. In crickets, we showed
that blockade of synaptic transmission from octopamine neurons (OANs) impairs …

In Pavlovian conditioning in mammals, two theories have been proposed for associations
underlying conditioned responses (CRs). One theory, called SS theory, assumes an …

Early-life experiences have strong and long-lasting consequences for behavior in a
surprising diversity of animals. Determining which environmental inputs cause behavioral …

Elucidation of the conditions in which associative learning occurs is a critical issue in
neuroscience and comparative psychology. In Pavlovian conditioning in mammals, it is …

Predicting positive or negative reinforcement from environmental clues is essential to guide
decision making and goal-directed behavior. In insect brains the mushroom body is a central …