Crude oil and its products and wastes are among the significant sources of naturally
occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). These materials may be enhanced to high levels …

This paper reviews the literature that identifies Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
(NORM) in oil and gas production. It further explains how processes associated with the …

In this study, a potential radiation hazard from TENORM sludge wastes generated during
exploration and extraction processes of oil and gas was evaluated. The activity …

Activity concentrations of 226Ra (of U-series), 228Ra (of Th-series) and potassium (40K) in
some heavy minerals and building materials were determined and evaluated in some …

The present work is directed to characterize the phosphogypsum (PG) wastes associated
with phosphoric acid produced by the wet process in industrial facility for the production of …

To study the potential redistributions of NORMs from gas-wells to ambient-environment in
and around gas-field and to evaluate affiliated radiological-risks, a suite of systematically …

Large amounts of TENORM waste (produced water, scale, and sludge) are created in
oilfields around the world, presenting radiological risks to employees, the public, and the …

There is widespread degradation of the environment of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria
such that the United Nations Environment Program described it as an ecological wasteland …

Recent concern has been devoted to the hazard arising from naturally occurring radioactive
materials (NORM) in oil and gas facilities. Twenty-seven petroleum samples were collected …

The field of radiation protection and corresponding national and international regulations
has evolved to ensure safety in the use of radioactive materials. Oil and gas production …