Synaptic plasticity is defined as the ability of synapses to change their strength of
transmission. Plasticity of synaptic connections in the brain is a major focus of neuroscience …

Research on the neuroprotective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
(PACAP) and its use as a therapeutic agent has grown over the past 30 years. Both in vitro …

Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse can produce adaptive changes that lead to the
establishment of dependence. It has been shown that allelic variation in the α5 nicotinic …

Intranasal (IN) administration appears to be a suitable route for clinical use as it allows direct
delivery of bioactive molecules to the central nervous system, reducing systemic exposure …

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by
expansions of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. SBMA is …

The peristaltic contraction and relaxation of intestinal circular and longitudinal smooth
muscles is controlled by synaptic circuit elements that impinge upon phenotypically diverse …

Vagal innervation is well known to be crucial to the maintenance of cardiac health, and to
protect and recover the heart from injury. Only recently has this role been shown to depend …

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) control the localization of cAMP-dependent protein
kinase A (PKA) by tethering PKA to distinct cellular compartments. Through additional direct …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potent intercellular signaling
molecule involved in multiple homeostatic functions. PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional
neuropeptide, widely expressed in the nervous system (Vaudry et al., 2009; Starr and …