Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators
to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental …

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms
operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register …

Since its introduction 16 years ago, the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) model has
profoundly modified our understanding of neuroenergetics by bringing a cellular and …

The brain is unique among organs in many respects, including its mechanisms of lipid
synthesis and energy production. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate …

Glutamate and GABA are the quantitatively major neurotransmitters in the brain mediating
excitatory and inhibitory signaling, respectively. These amino acids are metabolically …

Dynamic adjustments to neuronal energy supply in response to synaptic activity are critical
for neuronal function. Glial cells known as astrocytes have processes that ensheath most …

Protoplasmic astrocytes are critically important to energy metabolism in the CNS. Our current
understanding of the metabolic interactions between neurons and glia is based on studies …

The gold standard for studies of glutamate–glutamine (GABA) cycling and its connections to
brain biosynthesis from glucose of glutamate and GABA and their subsequent metabolism …

Although glutamate is usually thought of as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain, it
is important to note that glutamate has many other fates in brain, including oxidation for …