Multilevel modeling and simulation is a general technique that has many applications in
such diverse fields as chemistry, biology, engineering, social sciences and economics …

Mathematical modellers model infectious disease dynamics at different scales. Within-host
models represent the spread of pathogens inside an individual, whilst between-host models …

Contaminated surfaces are one of the ways that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may
be transmitted. SARS-CoV-2 can be detected on environmental surfaces; however, few …

Since pathogens can stay on the carrier for a period of time, indirect transmission plays a
nonnegligible role in the spread of diseases apart from direct human-to-human contact. We …

The global impact of COVID-19 has led to the development of numerous mathematical
models to understand and control the pandemic. However, these models have not fully …

We introduce a two-strain model with asymmetric temporary immunity periods and partial
cross-immunity. We derive explicit conditions for competitive exclusion and coexistence of …

In this paper, a coupling cholera epidemic model is proposed, in which the pathogens could
both spread within-host and between-host, meanwhile, there exist age-dependent infection …

The global spread of COVID-19 has not been effectively controlled. It poses a significant
threat to public health and global economic development. This paper uses a mathematical …

Worldwide, the recent SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 670 million people and
killed nearly 67.0 million. In Africa, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases was …

The heterogeneity of viral virulence induced by virus evolution plays an essential role in
shaping disease transmission dynamics. In this study, we propose a coupled model linking …